Contraception / Birth Control

What is birth control?
Birth control refers to any activity, medication, or equipment used to prevent pregnancy. There are many types of birth control available for women who do not wish to become pregnant. The decision on which method is right for you should be made with your physician, as well as with your partner.

Birth control methods work in different ways to prevent pregnancy, including the following:

• creating a barrier that blocks sperm from reaching the egg
  
  
• killing sperm
  
  
• preventing eggs from being released by the ovaries
  
  
• changing the cervical mucus to hinder sperm from moving into the uterus
  
  
• altering the tissue lining the uterus so that a fertilized egg cannot implant 

What are the different types of birth control?
Some methods that do not require a prescription from your physician include the following:

• abstinence - not having sexual intercourse.
  
  
• spermicides - foams or creams placed inside the vagina to kill sperm; these may also provide some protection against sexually transmitted diseases, especially when used with a latex condom.  
  
  
• male condoms - a thin tube made of latex or a natural material that is placed over the penis. The sperm is collected in the end of the condom. Latex condoms may provide some protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
  
  
• female condoms - a liner made of latex or natural material that is placed inside the vagina. Latex condoms may provide some protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
  
  
• natural family planning - timing intercourse to avoid "fertile" days using various methods of monitoring body temperature, watching for changes in cervical mucus, and the use of ovulation prediction kits. This method, often known as the "rhythm" method, has a high risk for pregnancy. 

• oral contraceptives (birth control pills) - medications taken daily that prevent ovulation by controlling pituitary hormone secretion. Usually, oral contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progestin. Some types are progestin-only. 

In addition to prevention of pregnancy, oral contraceptives have several health benefits including regulating menstrual cycles and decreasing the amount and length of menstrual periods. This can help increase iron stores in women with iron deficiency associated with excessive bleeding. Prevention of certain ovarian and endometrial cancers is a significant benefit of the use of oral contraceptives. Some research has found that some benign (non-cancerous) breast diseases, including fibroadenoma and cystic changes, occur less frequently with the use of oral contraceptives. Recent studies have also suggested that oral contraceptive use may reduce the occurrence of severe disabling rheumatoid arthritis.

• Norplant - capsules containing the synthetic hormone levonorgestrel, implanted under the skin in the upper arm of a woman, which continuously prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg for up to five years. Anesthesia is required for insertion and removal of this type of birth control.
  
  
• Depo-Provera - a progesterone-like drug given by injection to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation. The effects last for about three months and another injection must be given to continue birth control effectiveness. 
  
  
• MPA/E2C - a new type of contraceptive that combines two types of hormones, estrogen and progestin, in a monthly injection. These hormones work to prevent ovulation and continue regular menstrual periods. The injection must be repeated every 28 to 33 days to be effective. 
  
  
• diaphragm or cervical cap - a dome-shaped rubber cup with a flexible rim that is inserted through the vagina to cover the cervix. This type of birth control must be inserted prior to having sexual intercourse.
  
  
• interuterine device (IUD) - devices placed in the uterus through the cervix by a physician. The IUD works by preventing an egg from being fertilized in the tubes or from attaching to the wall of the uterus. IUDs containing hormones must be replaced annually, while copper IUDs can last up to 10 years.  

• hysterectomy - removal of the uterus and usually the ovaries and fallopian tube. This is a permanent form of birth control. 
  
  
• tubal ligation or tubal occlusion ("tying the tubes") - surgery to cut, cauterize, or band the fallopian tubes to prevent the egg from being transported to the uterus. Tubal ligation is designed to be a permanent method of birth control. Although certain types of tubal ligations can be reversed, the reversal procedure may not be successful.  
  
  
• vasectomy - cutting or clamping the vas deferens, the tubes that carry the sperm from the testes - are blocked. The testes still produce sperm, but the sperm die and are absorbed by the body. This is a permanent male birth control measure.

• withdrawal before ejaculation
• sexual intercourse during menstruation
• standing up immediately after sexual intercourse
• douching after sexual intercourse
• taking no precautions at all

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