What eye problems are often associated with diabetes?
Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as complications. All can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. Diabetic eye disease can often be treated before vision loss occurs. All people with diabetes should have a dilated eye exam at least once a year.

Diabetic eye diseases include:

• diabetic retinopathy
• cataract
• glaucoma

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease in persons with diabetes.

What is diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in American adults. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. In some people with diabetic retinopathy, retinal blood vessels may swell and leak fluid, while in others, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These changes may result in vision loss or blindness.

People with diabetes are also at risk for other diabetic eye diseases, such as:

> cataract - clouding of the eye's lens.

People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop a cataract. Cataracts can often be treated with surgery.

> glaucoma - increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that leads to optic nerve damage and loss of vision.

People with diabetes are also twice as likely as other adults to develop glaucoma. Glaucoma can often be treated with medications, or laser or other forms of surgery.

What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
There may be no symptoms or pain in the early stages of the diabetic retinopathy, and vision may not change until the disease progresses.

A condition called macular edema may occur when the macula, a part of the retina, swells from the leaking fluid and causes blurred vision. When new vessels grow on the surface of the retina, they can bleed into the eye, blocking vision.

Who is at risk for diabetic retinopathy?
Anyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy. The longer a person has diabetes, the more likely it becomes that he or she will develop diabetic retinopathy.

Can diabetic retinopathy be prevented?
Although diabetic retinopathy cannot be prevented, the risk of developing it can be reduced by:

• having a dilated eye examination once a year
• strictly managing diabetes by:

• taking medications as directed
• using insulin as directed
• eating appropriate foods to manage blood sugar level
• exercising to lower and help the body use blood sugar
• testing blood-sugar levels regularly
• testing urine for ketone levels regularly

Treatment for diabetic retinopathy:
Specific treatment will be determined by your physician(s) based on:

• your age, overall health, and medical history
• extent of the disease
• your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
• expectations for the course of the disease
• your opinion or preference

Diabetic retinopathy is often treated with laser surgery to shrink the abnormal blood vessels or to seal the leaking ones.

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